CHIN MIPHUN CHUNG PENGTLANG MIN

Biahmaithi

Hlanlio Mirang uk chan ah Mirang hna nih The Chin Hills asiloah The Chin Hills District tiah an rak timi kha Laimi tampi (a bik in culio Falam peng, Halkha peng, Matupi peng le Thantlang peng) nih Laitlang tiah rak kawh-auh a si i, mah cucu atu Chin State a si tiang zong ah cu hna peng chung minung vialte nih Laitlangtiah kawh-auh thiamthiam a si. 1890 kum ah Mirang nih cu The Chin Hills cu a rak tuk i, 1892 hrawng ah a kuttang ah a rak chiah, Laimi pawl nih ralfir in an rak doh lengmang caah a rak dai kho lo nain, 1896 January ni 1 thawk in The Chin Hills cu Mirang England Siangpahrang a uknak kuttang ah kan chiah cang tiah, vawleicung theih in thawng an rak thanh. Cule cangka The Chin Hills Regulations Act upadi in The Chin Hills cu District pakhat ah chiah, Falam khua kha HQRS ser in rak uk a si. Falam khua ah Mirang zipengpi Deputy Commission (DC) a rak thu i, a kuttang ah vuanthokpi Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) minung 3 a rak chiah hna. Falam peng ah SDO pakhat, Teddim peng (a tulio Teddim peng le Tonzang peng) ah SDO pakhat, Halkha peng (a tulio Halkha peng, Matupi peng le Thantlang peng) ah SDO pakhat, an zate SDO 3 hna nih DC pa cu a rian an rak bawmh. Cu The Chin Hills District cu Magway Division chungah a rak um.

Pakokku Hills Tract ah a rak um mi Mindat peng le Kanpelet peng hna cu Chin miphun an si vemi kha Mirang nih an rak theih caah, 1928 kum ah cu peng 2 cu The Chin Hills District chungah an rak khumh hna. Cu ve bantuk in Arakan Hills Tract ah a rak um mi Paletwa peng zong kha Mirang hna nih an dothlat ve tik hna ah Chin miphun an si kha an theih ve caah, 1948 kum Kawlram Luatnak a rak hmuh ah khan The Chin Hills ahcun an rak khumh ve thiam hna. Mah Luatnak kan hmuh le cangka, Laitlang kan ti lengmang mi cu Chin Special Division tiah kawh le auh a hung si cang. 1974 kum ceu ah Laitlang cu uktu Kawl acozah nih tikuluk State pek a rak si i, atu tiang Chin State tiah auh a si cang.

Atu hi cathluan nih aa tinh mi cu: Chin State chung i a um mi hna a bik in Matupi peng, Thantlang peng, Halkha peng ahhin hrinphun in asiloah umnak ram (area or region) in min tete ngeih a si tik ah, cu umnak peng le tlang kan ti lengmang mi hna hi hrinphun (clan/family) timi nih a huap dih kho maw, a huap dih khawh lo ahcun aho nih dah mah min tete hi a rak sak, zei ruang ah dah an rak sak, an rak pek, timi kher-hlai ding hi a si. “Peng/tlang” kan ti lengmang mi zong nih hin tah, kan lungput le kan khuaruahnak hna a thencheu in a kan hlatter sual maw, timi pawl kan dot-hlat tuah lai.

Dal 1

Miphun/Hrinphun maw, Ram/Peng dah?

Chin in Zo le Lai

Chinlung tlang i an rak um lio hrimhrim in “Chin” asiloah “Chiang” tiah an rak ti cang hna. An miphun min “Chin” a si caah Tuluk ram i uknak an rak ser lio zongah “Chin Dynasty” (Chin Pennak) an rak ti hna nak hi a si. Kawlram an hong luh tik zongah hin Chin Miphun an si caah an tohmi tiva hmanh cu “Chindwin” an ti – Chin tikhur tinak a si. (Pu Chawn Kio, Lai Miphun Thawhkehnak Tuanbia, January 2014, cahmai 20 – 21)

Micheu nih Chin ti cu, atu Chin ram an hong phak hnu lawngah Mirang nih an sakchommi a si, an ti. Hi zong hi a si lo, a hramthawk in Chin an si ko. Mirang nih Chin an simi kha an hngalhpiak hna tu a si deuh. Chin miphun chung tu ahhin Lai, Zo, Lusei, Naga…tiah an i then. (Pu Chawn Kio, cahmai 21).

Cu Chin miphun hna cu, Tuluk ram ahhin BC 220 in AD 24 kum tiang kum 244 chung Chin Dynasty (Chin Pennnak) cu an rak ser. A hnubik an siangpahrang Shi Huangti chan ahhin Han miphun nih an rak tei hna caah an zaam i Tibet ram ah an phan. Tibet ram i an umnak ram cu Zotlang ti a si.

Laimi Phun Thawhkehnak le Khuatlaknak by the late Wunna Kyaw Htin Pu Ngun To (Retd DC), September 2007

Zo Phun kan si tinak kong

Tiddim le Tunzang peng chung i a ummi nih, an phunpi min (Racial Name) cu Zo a si an ti. An phuntenau min (Clan Name) ah Sihzang, Kamhau, Sukte, Thado, Zo, Guite, Khuangsai a um. Asinain, Zo phun an sinak a hramthawk an hngal ve lo. Hlan lio minung cu catial an rak ngeih lo caah, Lai phun zong siseh, kan thawhkehnak min sak cu kan pipu chan in a tlau i, atu chan minung nih fiang tein kan hngal kho ti lo. Kan phunpi min Lai a sinak le Zo a sinak Written Record a um lo. Kan Lai tuanbia zongah, kan phunpi min Lai a sinak le Zo a sinak cinkenmi a um lo. 

Halkha le Thantlang peng chung i a ummi, Lautu, Miram, Lai, Zophei, Senthang le Matu peng chung i a ummi Zotung phun hna cu, Hakha le Thantlang nih, Zo an ti hna. An phunpi min cu Lai a si ko nain an umnak khuaram zoh in, Zo an ti hna. Kan Laiholh ah, “Chim” le “Zo” a um. Chim a sullam cu, khualumnak ti a si. Zo a sullam cu khuasik ti a si. Khuasihnak ram an thlawh tik ah, an lo cu zolo an ti. Chimram an thlawh tik ah chimlo asiloah lailo an ti. Cucaah cun khuasihnak ram i an rak um caah, Hakha le Thantlang nih, “Zo” an rak ti hna. Asinain “Zo” cu phunpi min (Racial Name) a si lo, hrin min (Clan Name) zong a si lo, an umnak ram min (Tribal name) a si. (Catialtu biakarlak tenh: Halkha khua le Thantlang khua hna khi a lumnak hmun Chim ah an um lo, a kihnak hmun “Zo” ah a um mi an si. An umnak le an khuasaknak “Zo” ram i an um kha an philh asiloah an i philhter i, midang tu kha “Zo” tiah nautat phun in an rak ti hna dawh a si. Hi ruang ah a si theu lai, a luancia mi kan hnulei chan 7 lio hrawng (Anthropoligist pawl nih minung chan, chan khat cu kum 30 ah an chiah caah, 30 x 7 = kum 210 hrawnghrang) ah khan, Senthang ram i a um mi Thianthlun bawi pakhat nih Halkha khuami Cinzah bawi fanu a rak thit lio ah, Halkha pawl nih nupi thitupa kha, “Zo” na si, an rak ti. Cupa nih “Zo” a si lo zia le, Lai a si zia kha hitihin hla in a hei leh hna. “Zopa ka ti hlah u kan chak Halkha zong nih, keimah dahngai nikung tlai mang Thianhlun, ka Lai ngeihcia chiahbung kholh in, ka duh kautial zuhrim ding,” tiah a rak ti. Lai a si caah, ka Lai ngeihcia a rak ti, Zosisehlaw ka Zo ngeihcia a rak ti hnga).

Laica Cawnnak Ukpi, Kumkuanak Cawnnak, Chin Khrihfa Tuanbia, Chin Association for Christian Communication, Hakha, Chin State, Myanmar, 2009, chungin:

Lai le Zo

Lai le Zo hi Chin Miphun chung i hrinphun in a temi an si.Tuluk ram an um lio in Laipa fale Zopa fa kha Zo nih an phun ah an i laak i Lai nih an phun min ah an i laak ve. Tuluk tuanbia a tialtu Wang Sho Tang nih hitihin a tial. “Tuluk ram a laifang ah hin miphun hme tampi an um i, cu hna cu, Lai, Yao, Chuang, Salai, Salung, Tai, Khalkha, Bawm le Tibet an si. Thlanglei kam deuh ah, Yao, Tung, Ling,

Lai, Myanan le a dang phun tampi an um i, atu ah hin (kum 1955 ah) minung million 9 hrawng an um rih, “ tiah a tial. 

Lai cu atu Lai hi an si i, Yao/Yau cu atu Zo miphun (Tiddim le Mizo) hi an si. Salung le Saling cu atu i Asho Chin/Salai Chin hi an si. Chuang cu atu i Mindat Kanpelet miphun Cho/Chu pawl hi an si. Tai cu Shan miphun hi an si. Hi miphun vialte hna hi, atu i hrinphun in Cinzah, Zaathang, Khenglawt, Hlawnching kan i ti bantuk in hrinphun in a temi an si. An dihlak in Chin miphun chung minung lawngte an si dih. Chin ti cu Chinlung chuak tinak si dawh a si. Chin miphun pawl cu an semnak Tuluk Zo le Lai in an um nain, Kawlram in Kalemyo tiang an rat tik ah hmun khat ah u le nau chuakkhat laitlai in an ra ko. Kalemyo ram ah kum saupi an um tik ah hrinphun in a phuphu deuh in an um cang.

Zotung

Zotung miphun nih anmah le anmah cu Zo tiah an i ti i a sullam cu a sannak hmun i a ummi tinak a si. Zotung miphun cu kum zabu 14 hrawngah lam lam li in an ra i atu an umnak khi an phan.

Chaklei in a rami Calthawng pawl cu Falam peng Tuicungpi timi Rih tili hrawngah khin kum zabu 13 hrawngah an phan. Cuka cun Halkha peng le Thantlang peng an tan i Bawinu tiva an hrawng. Cun Bawinu va le Sahrawng va aa tonnak ah sau nawn an um. Cuka hmun i a ummi Tawngsawng lungpi kha min ah an lak i Calthawng tiah kawh an si.

A dang phun khat Inmai (Zotung holh in Ingmee) phu cu Mara pawl he Buzaneng tlang in atu Hrinthang khua ah an phan. Cun Tingpaw (Halkha holh in Tinpa) phu cu Thilin peng Swelin tlang in atu Lungngo khuachak ah khin Kheitu pawl he an vaa fon i Bale khua pawng Tingpaw hmun ah an um caah Tingpaw phu ti an si.

Mara

Mara nih cun anmah le anmah cu Mara an i ti nain Chin dang pawl nih cun Miram an ti hna i Matu le Khumi nih cun Samtu an ti hna. Samtu ti cu an lupawng saupi ti duhnak a si. Lusei nih cun Lakher an ti hna i a sullam cu la a khermi tinak a si ko. Mara holh ah cun “ma” ti cu minung tinak a si i, “ra” ti cu ram tinak a si caah “mi vialte ram” tinak a si.

Mara miphun cu Matupi peng, Thantlang peng, Paletwa peng le Lusei ram tiang an i thek. A cheu cu Gangaw peng le Thilin peng an tan i Zotung ram an pal hnu ah atu an umnak an phan. A cheu cu Thantlang peng Zophei ram Khuabung le Zephai khua ah khin an rak um i nitlaklei ah an lan. Mara le Lautu cu an i nai ngai i an holh zong aa nai ngaimi an si.

Bawm, Tlanglau, Leitak le Hautheng pawl Lailun (lungkua nganpi a si, Falam peng, Sunthla khua pawng ah a um) an ra i Thantlang khuahmun in nitlaklei atu Leitak khuahlun ah khin a cheu an rak um A cheu cu Khuafo khualu Marau tlang ah khin an rak tang. Asinain an hawile an lanh cang caah um lan duh loin an hawile cu an neh zulh in an dawi than hna. Hmai deuh i a rak kalmi hna cu, hnu deuh in a dawimi hna nih Marau pawl an ti hna. Marau tlang in a rami tinak a si. Cu hna cu atu ah Mara miphun ti a si. Mara miphun in Lautu miphun zong hi i then dawh a si.

Zophei

Zophei ram ah khuahlun bik cu Leitak khua a si. Vuati khua in Thang Cem (Pu Lian Hmung –Leitak nih cun, Tham Ma Ceng a si, a ti) cu Leitak khua ah a ra i, Leitak khua in Leisen khua ah aa thial than. Cu lio ahcun Hautheng ral nih an rak chim lengmang hna caah an um ngam ti lo i Khuacariat ah an i thial than. Khuacariat i an um lio ah ral a rung vengtu dingah Hakha Thang Ding fale Al Bik le Hlei Lian cu bawi ah va puak hna.

Al Bik le Hlei Lian cu an hung tlangval i Hautheng ral le Tlanglau ral cu an tei hna i Tipi raal ah an zam dih.Al Bik le Hlei Lian nih Khuacariat khua cu saral runvennak ah a tha lo, atu Vuangtu ram khi ram tha a si caah tiah an thialpi hna i khua cu an tlak. Vuati miphun (Vuati khua in a rak ra mi?) nih an tlakmi a si caah “Vuangtu khua” an ti.(Theih awk: Vuati khua cu Zotung ram chung ah a um).

Saya Pa Hmun, (Siatlai khuami), Melbourne, 29th May 2017 ni interview

Zotung

Zotung ram a khua in khua 60 hrawnghrang ahhin, hlanlio ah hrinphun (Clan/Family) a simi Tingpaw (Halkha holh cun, Tinpa) hi Chunchung khua lei in a rak rami a si. Ingmee (Halkha holh cun, Innhmai asilolah Innmai) zong hi Zotlang, Thlanrawn khua lei in a rak rami a si. Cun, Tungsabawi (Calthawng bawi, Phaizawng Mawng Sui hrin) phun zong hi Mangkheng khua lei in a rak ra mi an si. Cu hrinphun hna (Clan/Family) 3 nih hin an hrinphun cio in minung an hung karh luaimai hnu ah a khua in khua 10 leng khua 13 hna khi an va tlakchin i Zotung ram cu an hun kauhter. “Zotung” timi pa maw, Zotung hrinphun (ethnicity race) nih maw, Zotung ram an rak tlak, tiah ka thei bal lo. Zotung ram a um mi nih kanmah le kanmah kan i kawh-auh tik ah “Zo” kan i ti. Cu a sullam cu: a kihnak hmun ah kan um caah, a kihnak hmun ah a um i khua a sami, ti in a sullam si dawh bik a si rua. Fiangset in theih khawh a si lo.

Zotung mi cu Zotung ram chung ah khua 54 a um i, Senthang ram Lungkhin khua le, Gangaw peng Polei, Anraw, Suitong, Aantha le khuadang relchih in khua 60 hrawng ah khua an sa. Pu Lian Hmung, (Leitak khuami), Melbourne, 29th May 2017 ni interview

Zophei

Zophei ram ahhin Zophei hrinphun (ethnicity race) nih Zophei an tlak caah, Zophei an kan ti, timi hi ka thei bal lo. Halkha hna nih hin anmah ram chung nitlak lei ah a um mi Pupi tlang ah khan hlanlio ah ram an rak riak tawn. Pupi tlang le Kuhchah khi an i naih i, cu Kuhchah va lonh ahcun hmunrawn le aphei (lamphei) in a um caah, a kihnak hmun Zo a simi, Pupi lonh in hmunrawn le lamphei a um caah, atu Zophei ram khi Halkha pawl nih “Zophei” an rak ti tiah, pupa hna bia ah ka theih bal. Leitak, Hmawngtlang le Hriphi ram hrawng hrim cu hmunrawn a tam caah, lei an chaih/leh i, leikuang zong an tam ngai. Um-kalnak zong ah lamphei a si fawn. 

(Catialtu ruah ning: Zophei timi cu hmun/ram min a si ko. Miphun (Ethnicity race) zong ah Lai an si ko. Cu Zophei ram ahcun, Hlawnceu, Lianching, Ceupa, Zaathang, Thianhlun, Cinzah, Bawihnang/Bawihrin, Sarum, Thangngan/Thangnget/Thangeng, Tinthei, Lianhlawng, Vaingem or Vaingam, Zinhlawng, Khupsawn/Khupchawn/Khuksawn/Khukzawn, Hrengsaw, Lawngsang le a dangdang hrinphun (Clan/Family) tampi nih khua an saknak hmun ram/peng a si).

Pu Sui Thawng, Lautu upa, Melbourne khua, 1st June 2017 Interview

Lautu

“Lautu” tiah min i bunh in kan i kawh-auhnak cu: Hlanlio a luancia kum 2000 hrawng Tuluk ram Chinlung kan rak um lio ahhin, Lautu, Sintu le a dang 3 an zate minung 5 unau chuakkhat an rak um mi min kha lak in, “Lautu” timi minung nih a kan hrinthlak mi kan si, ti duhnak ah “Lautu miphun” tiah kan i kawh-auhnak a si. Pu Chawn Kio a cauk chung tialmi cu, Lautu pafim le pastor Pu Lian Hrang nih a chim mi kha cherhchan in tial dawh a si,tiah ruah a si i, atu chan Lautu lungfim pawl nih an cohlang lo.

Lautu pawl cu Lai pawl Kalemyo in Laitlang lei an rak kai hlan ah rak kai hmasa dawh a si. An rak kainak an lumsul cu fiangte in kan thei kho lo nain, Laitlang in Lusei ram lei ah kal dawh an si i, Lusei ram i a um mi Pala Tidil kha AD 1250 lio hrawng ah ti nih a rak phum lio ah khan Lautu pawl zong cu cuka hmunhma ah an rak um ve caah, cu tidilpi ti nih a phum dih hnu cun an um ngam ti lo caah, an umnak in nitlak/nitlak thlanglei ah an rak kal i atu Paletwa Rakhaing ram ah an rak um. Cu hnu ah chaklei ah an rak kai than i atu Paletwa peng in Thantlang peng Leisen le Sentung lei ah an rak ra than.Leisen le Sentung in atu Lautu khua pawl kha an tlak than hna i kan hun karhnak a si. Lautu pawl cu atu ahhin Paletwa, Rakhaing, Mindat lei le Thantlang peng chungah kan i thek i khua kan sa hna. Nunphung lei tu ahcun, kan laitlai pawl he aa khat dih ko.

(Catialtu ruah ning: Lautu pawl nih hlanlio kum 2000 lio Tuluk ram kan rak um lio ah Lautu, Sintu le adang unau 3 an zate fonh unau 5 chuakkhat an rak umti mi lak in “Lautu” timi pa nih a hrinmi hrinphun kan si an tinak hi, a fekfuanmi tette – prof of concrete evidence tha tein an tial le an chuahpi ahcun, hrinphun pakhat nih Lautu peng/ram ah khua an sa, ti awk a si hnga. Nain, a hlat-hlaitu pawl nih an chuahpi ning hin cun, ram/peng le hmun pakhat a min lawng in hmuh khawh a si rih. Lautu ram chung ah Lahnin, Zakheng, Hlawnri, Mencang, Ngensi, Hranglung, Thianhlun, Bawihnang/Bawihrin le a dangdang hrinphun tampi khua an sati. An nunphung zong Lai nunphung an si ve ko caah, Lai phunpi chungtel an si ve ko, tiah ka ruah).

Senthang ram tiah min a ngeihnak (Interviewed the late Pu Hup Mang, former Headman (1960 – 1965) of Phaizawng village, during summer 1970)

Senthang

1900 lio hrawngah Halkha vuanthokpi (Sub-Divisional Officer, SDO) nih Halkha peng (culio Halkha peng cu atu Halkha peng, Thantlang peng le Matupi peng vialte aa tel dih) khuabawi le phunglam le tuanbia a theimi upa vialte a rak pumh hna i Senthang peng le ram in upa pawl nih an rak chimmi tuanbia kha cu vuanthokpi nih a rak pompiak mi cu hitihin a si.

Hlanlio ah Halkha in thlanglei ah a um mi Sakta le Khuapi khua hna hi inntung an rak tam i khuate hna lak ah khuapi an rak si. Mirang a rak kai hlan a si caah, khua khat le khua khat an rak i tu, an rak i chim. A teitu nih mi an rak thah lengah an thilri le an chawva vialte an rak chuh dih tawn hna. Cuticun Sakta mi cheukhat cu ram hran ah an va pok i, atu Mindat peng Ro khua khi an va chim/tuk hna. Ro khuami

cu an lung an rak fak tuk ve i, Sakta cu teirulcham le ralfir in an rak fuh hna i, Cin Thang timi pa hi an rak thah hnu ah, a lu an rak tan i a lu cu an khualei ah an rak tlunpi. Lampi ah, “aho lu dah nan phorh? tiah an rak hal tik hna ah, Cin Thang timi kha a aw fiangte in an rak chim thiam lo i, “Sen Thang a lu kan phorh” tiah an rak ti hna. Cucaah culio Senthang ram chung khua 30 leng kha, Mirang vuanthokpi nih cun, “Nannih hi Senthang peng/ram” tiah kan auh cang hna lai, a rak ti. Cu thawk cun “Senthang ram” tiah kawh-auh nak hi a si. A taktak ahcun, kan miphun cu “Lai/Laimi” kan si ko.

(Catialtu ruah ning: Senthang ram/peng cu hrinphun ah Lai phunpi chungtel an si i, an umnak hmun zong ram/peng a si ko. Thianhlun, Sawmhal, Tingpaw/Tinpa, Langting, Tinthei, Famcun, Zaathang, Innmai/Innhmai, Sarum, Lungfa, Cangkhu, Khenglawt, Thangngan/Thangnget/Thangeng, Lanam, Lotawng, Sathing, Leivak, Khupsawn/Khupchawn/Khukzawn, Hranca, Siangbeu, Liantu le a dangdang hrinphun (Clan/Family) tampi nih khua an saknak hmun a si. A khua in khua 36 hrawnghrang an si i, an holh cu Hakha holh le Falam holh cawhpawlh holh a si. An hla cu, Hakha Laihla he aa naih-niam ngaingai fawn).  LAI MIPHUN Thawhkehnak TUANBIA by Pu Chawn Kio, January 2014,

Mara

Bawm, Tlanglau, Leitak le Hautheng pawl Simpi khua in an rat i Vuichip tlang tan in Thantlang peng nitlak thlanglei i an lanh lio ah hin, a cheu cu Thantlang le Khuafo karlak i Marau tlang ah an taang i khua an tla. Asinain an hawile lo i anmah lawng cuka i um cu an ngamh lo caah an hawile umnak lei ah cun an kal than. Sau nawn an i then hnu ah an hawile sinah an va phak tik ah cun Leitak le Tlanglau pawl nih cun”Marau pawl” an rak ti hna – Marau tlang in a rami pawl tinak a si. Ni khua a hung sau lengmang tik ahcun, anmah zong nih an phun min ah an lak ve i, a hnu ahcun Marau timi cu “Mara” ti a si. Ibid cahmai 58 – 59

Lautu

Mara miphun in Lautu miphun cu an i then than. “Lautu” a sullam cu “Lawitu” ti in a rami a si i, a sullam cu “tlau” ti a si. “Tu” ti cu tupi ti a si i, “tlaunak tupi”tinak a si. An umnak hmun kha tupi a si caah tlaunak tupi a si tinak a si. Mara miphun Tisen Sentung hrawngin an rat lio ah hin cuka hrawng cu thing le ram a hmawng tuk i tupi lakpi a si caah tlaunak a si tinak a si. Lautu Mara miphun hi hmailei samtom Laimi phun an si. Marau tlang in an ra i Zawngling khua le Lungra khua khi an tlak hna. Cuka cun an i thial than i, Tisen khua le Sentung khua an tlak. Tisen le Sentung khua hin Lautu Mara cu an karh chin lengmang i a pawngkam khua vialte khi an tlak hna. Lautu Mara miphun nih khua an tlak hmasa lio ahhin uktu bawi ngaingai hi an rak ngei lo. Lahnin, Hlawnri, Ngensi phun le Mencang phun hi min ngei deuhmi an rak si. Ibid cahmai 61

Mara, Lautu

Lautu Mara miphun hi hmailei samtom Lai an si i, Simpi khua in hawi hlan ah Laitlang ah an kai caah fing le tlang nih a dan hna caah an holh zong ai dang i miphun dang bantukin an um cang. Lai he hin miphun pakhatte an si ko nain a kal hmasami nih a ra hmanungmi kha Marau tlang in a rami tinak ah Mara miphun an ti hna i hrinphun in Mara le Lautu tiah an i then menmen mi a si. Ibid cahmai 185

Mi E tefa hna

Ral Thang fapa ngaichia deuh pa cu Mi E a si i, a nupi a thi i a nupi thar (nu-ei) a thit caah a nu-ei le a fale cu an i rem lo. A fale cu hmundang ah khua saknak an kawl. Nitlak lei ah an ra i Dong tiva ral an hung pet i, a fale cu atu Rinpi, Rinte, Haiphai, Hata le Keipaw khua hna khi an hung tlak hna. Ral Thang fale vialte cu Khualsim an si dih ko nain an pu an pa min chuankhan cio in, Rualphur hrin, Minul hrin, Hriamco hrin, Thangtei hrin, Vannul hrin tiah hrinphun in phun 55 ah an i then.

Laimi Phun Thawhkehnak le Khuatlaknak by the late Wunna Kyaw Htin Pu Ngun To (Retd. DC), September 2007.

Cahmai 241 (Mi E peng min saknak he aa pehtlai)

Kei paw

Keipaw khua cu, Khualsim phun i khua an rak tlak hlan ahhin, phun dang nih khua an rak tlak cang. Culio ah cun an khua laifang in tiva a luang i, vachung le varal in an rak um. Voi khat ah vachung lei i a um pa, Ral Ngam le varal lei i a um vemi Chawr Hau cu Dong tiva ah sur he tiva an hrawng i Chawr Hau nih a nga tlaihmi vialte cu an lu a tam hna i a paiper ah a sanh. Ral Ngam nih cun a nga tlaihmi cu lutam loin a sanh. Cuca ahcun Ral Ngam umnak vachung lei veng cu Lai phun an si i Chawr Hau umnak varal lei veng cu hringei phun an si an rak ti. Hringei phun tinak a sullam cu sahring ei an si caah Mikei phun an si tinak a si.

(Catialtu biakarlak tenh: Hi Keipaw khua, a hlan tuanbia zoh in chim ahcun, minung le mikei hna umti dawh a si. Cu tuanbia zulh in Halkha vuanthokpi nih Mi Ei tiah a rak fehter hnga maw, asilole Mi E hrinsor nih khua 5 an rak caah, Mi E peng tiah an rak auh hnanak a si hnga maw, tihi ruah a hau. A si kho deuhmi cu, atu Mi E peng tiah Mirang vuanthok lila nih min a rak pekmi hna khua ahhin aho khua hmanh ah minung sa a eimi maw, sahring in a eimi maw, an um lo. Atu Mi E peng khua 25 hrawnghrang ahhin an miphun min va hal hna law, ahohmanh nih Lai kan si, an ti dih ko lai. Cucaah, Mi E peng timi chung zong ahhin a miphun min cu Lai hi a si ko, tiah ka ruah).

Zokhua

Zokhua peng minung pawl cu Lai lawngte an si dih. Ruavan le Lamtuk khua belte ah Thawr phun an um. Cu hna zong cu Lai hrinphunpi (Ethnicity race) chungtel thiamthiam an si. Zokhua peng khua 10 hrawnghrang ahhin Siakhel, Khengmual, Zaathang, Lungum, Lungfa, Khenglawt, Thianhlun, Darkhuah, Zukpa, Khukzawn/Khupsawn/Khupchawn le a dangdang hrinphun nih khua an sak.

Biatlang komnak

A cunglei langhter cangmi kan zoh tik ah Zotung, Mara, Lautu, Zophei le Senthang pawl hi hrinphun (Clan/Family) si loin, an umnak ram/peng (area/region) min lak in kawh-auh mi an rak si zia, fiangte in hmuh khawh a si. Tleicia Zipengpi Pu Ngun To nih a langhtermi ah Halkha le Thantlang (khua) hna nih a cunglei ram/peng minung pawl kha, “Zo” tiah an rak ti hna tiah a ti, nain cu hna pawl Zo an si ahcun, Halkha le Thantlang pawl zong a kihnak hmun Zo ah an um le khua an sak ve caah, anmah lila zong Zo an si ve ko. Cucaah, a cunglei langhter mi pawl cu Lai timi hrin phunpi min (Ethnicity race) pakhat chung ah an um dih hirhiar, tiah ka ruah. 

A hramthawk hrimhrim in Mirang nih Laitlang an rak tuk lio ahhin, Laimi/Chinmi hna cu can saupi uk an rak timh cang hna caah, Carey le Tuck timi civil bawi pahnih kha Political Officer rian an rak khinh hna i, Lai, Zo, Lusei, Naga le thlanglei Laitlang miphun vialte an thawhkehnak, an khuatlaknak, an nunphung le an sining vialte kha an rak dot-hlat dih i, cu an dot-hlat mi cu holh lettu (Interpreter) hmangin record an rak tuah dih. Cu political officer hna cu, minung chuahkehnak lei thiamsang (Anthropologist) an si lo, holh lei ah thiamsang (Linguistics expert) zong an si lo. Minung va uknak lei a thiammi lawnglawng an si. An tialmi record vialte khi uknak lei mit (Administrative perspective) lawnglawng in a rak si. Holh lettu (a bik in Kawlmi) nih Lai pawl an aw-chuah, bianabia ah, “L” aw khi an chuah kho lo. “L” le “R” cafang aa tel ahcun a aw an chuah khawh tilo caah “silent” in an rak chiah dih. Cu ruangah Laimi nih “Halkha” an rak timi kha, Kawlpa holh lettu nih cun “Hakha” tiah a rak chuah cang i Mirang bawi nih anmah Mirang aw chuah ningin “Haka” tiah a tial/khumh diam hoi. Cucaah ka langhter duhmi cu, Chin/Lai kong Mirang Political Officer pahnih nih an record/khumh mi khi zakhat ah zakhat a dik dih ko tiah, ka pom kho lo, a chambau nak tampi a um lai tiah, ka ruah. Amah belte, khalio caan ah Chin/Lai kongkau tialmi/khumh mi cadang dang (Contemporary records) a um ve lo tik ah, varit kan duh ah cepa, cepa kan duh zongah cepa thiamthiam kan i thim le kan tonghtham a hau ko lai. Nain, kherhlai nak mit (Analyse outlook) tu he, zohthiam a hau hnga dah, ka ti.

Hi Laimi hna hrinphun kawh-auhnak, ram le peng tlaknak kong he aa pehtlai in ruahchih awk pakhat hei la ning law, Collins Australian Mini Dictionary-2005 nih “Ethnic” biafang a hrilhfiah ning ahcun:

Ethnic: adj relating to a people or group that shares a culture, religion or language; belonging or relating to such a group, esp one that is minority group in a particular place.

Laiholh: Miphun pakhat asiloah miphu pakhat nih nunphung, biaknak asilole holh hmanti in i hrawm asiloah ah cu hna pawl, a bik in hmunhma pakhat ah a ummi miphu tlawmte hna i naih-niam le pehtlai,tiah a ti caah, Lai phun cu Ethnicity Race pakhat kan si ko caah, a cunglei langhtermi hna khi, ram le peng min i put ko nain, holh lei ah i dang deuh (variarity of dialects) hna hmanh sehlaw, nunphung lei tu ahcun pakhat le pakhat i naih-niam ngai in an um zia, hmuh khawh a si. An peng le an ram an umnak chung zongah hrinphun (Clan/Family) tampi nih cawh-hrup in khua an sati ko, ti zong hmuh khawh thiamthiam a si fawn. A tawinak in chim ahcun Lai timi phunpi min (Ethnicity race) pakhat chung ah aa tel dihmi an si ko, tiah ka ruah.

Dal 2 

Ram le Peng Min Saknak

Biahmaithi ah kan chim cang bantukin 1896 kum in 1948 kum kar i culio Hakha Sub-Division (Halkha pengpi) cu a rak kau ngai. 1948 kum ah Matupi, 1965 kum ah Thantlang (Thlantlang ti a rak si nain, Thantlang tiah 1980 kum ah thlen a si) hna kha Sub-Division le Township timi peng ah rak then than a si i, atu tiang a hmun lan cang. Cu a kau ngaimi Hakha Sub-Division ahcun khuate lawngte hi khua 300 dengmang, khua 250 hrawnghrang an rak si rua. Cutluk a kau mi pengpi cu Halkha khua in Vuanthokpi SDO (Sub-Divsional Officer) pakhat, Treasury Officer pakhat, cazi 2/3 hrawnghrang, Holh lettu pakhat, lengah palik 20/30 hrawng nih uknak lei cu an rak kalpi dawhdang a si. Cu tik ah, khuasual ton, ngunkhuai peknak le tilian le meikangh naklei zawtlak tik ah SDO le a hruaimi uknak lei riantuantu hna caah, um/kalnak le tawlrel naklei a rak fawi lo. Khuate zong cu a rak tamtuk caah, khuazei lei ti kha hmakhatte ah hliah zokzok, i cinken le i chingchiah zong a rak fawi lai lo.

Cuti a si caah, 1900 hrawnghrang ahhin Halkha i a thumi Vuanthokpi SDO nih Halkha Sub-Division chung ah a um mi khuabawi vialte le, lungfim upa vialte kha a rak pumh hna i anmah le an umnak cio hmun le ram tuanbia a rak hal dih hna. Mah hnu cun an umnak cio ram le peng, tlang hna kha a min a rak pek/sak dih hna. Cu hna cu:

-Zotung peng/ram

-Senthang peng/ram

-Zophei peng/ram

-Lautu peng/ram

-Mara peng/ram/tlang

-Mi E peng/ram

-Zokhua peng/ram

-Bual peng/ram

-Vailam tlang

-Vanzang tlang

-Zahnak tlang

-Khualhring tlang………………hna hi an rak si.

Hi Mirang Vuanthokpi nih Halkha pengpi chung min a rak sakmi hi a ngaite ahcun, uknak lei mit (Administrative perspective) in min a rak pekmi an si i, anmah Mirang hna uknak mit in zoh ahcun a rak tha tuk ko lai. Cu min peng le ram min sakmi chung kan zoh tik ah hrin phunpi (Ecthnicity race) pakhat kha thenhmal bantuk in a hung can tik bel ahcun, a thatnak a um bantuk in, cu thenhmal mi nih a va hnorsuan mi asiloah tefa hna chan ah a ping le pang in sullam i laksual zong a cang khomi a si, tiah ka ruah.

Thantlang Peng chung, Nitlak lei ah Khuatlaknak

AD 1400 hrawnghrang ah Halkha cu chaklei Lailun, Zotlang lei in khua an rak tlak i Phailen zawl, cu hnu ah Inncar lo timi Mualzung, cu hnu ah Bualkua ti in rak tlak a si. Cu lio khua a rak tlatu hna cu: Khenglawt, Cinzah, Chamhnin, Thihlum, Zinhlawng, Hlawnching, Tio Hlei le Hluan Sang tibantuk mi tlawmte an rak si. A u Tio Hlei kha a nau Hluan Sang nih a thah hnu cun, “Chuncung khualu Zinghmuh tlang let Timit va ral Pialral zolotaw, Thei Thang khangca rawn ah khin Hniarlawn pa nih khua a tlak i cu Hniarlawn pa khua cun Tinhlawng, Zingthoh, Zinhlawng phun nih Thantlang khua cu an rak tlak. An hnu in, Mualhlun le Hlawnching nih an zulh hna. A hmasa bik ah Rawphai chak Hlawngzang ah an rak um. Hlawngzang cu Khuathang ah an i thial. Khuathang ahcun ti a har tuk i Raciah va le Pawhterawn karlak ah an rak i thial than. Cuka hmun zong ahcun ti a har thiamthiam i voi khat ah tithan an i cuhnak ah Mualhlun nu le Tinhlawng nu an rak i that. Ti a fawi deuhnak cu an kawl lengmang i an rak hmuh hlei lo caah a hnu bik ah, ‘Hika Mar vuinak thlan tlang ah hin i thial ko usi,’ tiah an ti i an rak i thial. Cu caah cun an khua min cu, ‘Thlantlang’ tiah an rak ti. Thlantlang khua i an um hnu ah Siakhel, Bawmchuak, Thihlum, Vanngiang, Khiteng, Bualteng, Erhlawt, Rualhleng, Famcun le phun dang nih an rak fuh hna. Hlan phun ahcun khuatlatu le tikhur huattu cu khuabawi an rak si tawn nain, khuatla hmasa hna cu santlai lo an rak si caah Hlawnching pa cu bawi ah a rak cang.” (Laimi Phun Thawhkehnak le Khuatlaknak by the late Wunna Kyaw Htin Pu Ngun To (Retd DC), September 20017, cahmai 315). 

Cu Thantlang khua an rak tlak hlan ahhin Mar/Lusei pawl nih khua an rak tlak cang.Laimi phun cu Mar/Lusei phun an luh hnu ah Thantlang peng chungah a va lutmi an si. Mar/Lusei cu Falam peng Zongte tlang in Thantlang peng chung ah an lut. Cu lio Mar khua lak i khua ngan bik hna cu, Tlangkhua, Khualhring, Zongte le Vanzang (Mar miphun khua lawngte) an si. Inn 600 reng lo cio an si an rak ti. Cu lio Mar khua hna cu: Khualhring, Vanzang, Pautu, Zongte, Selawn, Rianthlei, Lunkhua, Seipi, Bochung, Saihmun, Tlangphai, Tilum, Lawitlang, Palte, Laizawl, Conghoih, Tlangzawl, Bualte, Satawm, Khuapisip, Siallam, Lungbel,Khaw Thlir, Cawhte, Khawzim, Ngente, Bapi, Tlangkhua (khua 28) an rak si. Falam peng Zahau ram in Thantlang peng Khualhring tlang in Vanzang, Sopum le Thantlang tiang an rak i phah. (Ibid, Pu Ngun To, cahmai. 325 & 326)

Thantlang peng in Mar/Lusei an tionak

(Ibid, Pu Ngun To, cahmai. 325, 326, 327)

Khualhring le Lungzarh hi an rak i rem lo i an rak i that tawn. Cuti a si caah cun Khualhring nih Halkha, Thantlang le Lungzarh nih an kan chim tik ah a kan kilkamhtu ah an ti i Zahau bawi Kip Kual fapa upa bik Ngun Kual cu bawi ah an rak put. Ngun Kual cu Zahau hrin inn 30 he Khualhring ahcun a rak pok i a uk hna. Mar bawi fanu muidawh le samtha Cer Tuali a thit fawn. Ngun Kual nih khuangcawi aa timh lio ah Mar/Lusei pawl thinthang kha tlap khat cio zuh in amah thinthang a rianh ruangah Mar/Lusei pawl an thin a hung i an rak thah. Ngun Kual a thih hnu ah Khualhring le Lungzarh cu an rak i do i Lungzarh cu mitlawm an si caah, Khualhring nih an rak tei hna. Cucaah Lungzarh nih Thantlang Cinzah bawi Van Hnin an rak fuh. Khualhring cu Van Hnin nih a va tukpi hna nain, an rak thawng tuk caah an tei kho hna lo lengah Thantlang Hlawndo chungpa Khuang Thlur cu Khualhring Mar nih an rak thah.

Khuang Thlur phuhlam cu an duh caah, Van Hnin nih Halkha Zaathang hrin Ngun Tual chungpa Lian Dun an va roih i Kawl ah an kal. Van Hnin nih cun Thilin peng, Kanta khuami an bawi Maung Myat San a vung roih khawh. Maung Myat San le a ralkap 200 cu an hung kai i dar miakpi zun (2) an rak i ken. Lungzarh, Halkha, Thantlang le Maung Myat San Kawl ralkap pawl cu Lungzarh an riah hnu a thaizing deika te ah an tho i Khualhring pawl cu an va nam hna. Khualhring cu zam an i zal i an pasal thabik pa, Hmun Thei nih, “Hmun Thei keimah ka dam phawt cuan, enghmah hlau suh u, Pawisia le Ar rang mai mai,” tiah a ti hna i ahohmanh zam lo in an rak orh hna. Maung Myat San le a ralkap nih cun, kutka cawng cu dar miakpi in zun hnih in an kah hna i an hrilh hna. Mar nih cun an bawipa Hmun Thei

cu, “Phung’ tiah kan theih i kan kutka cawng an ngal ko,” tiah an va chimh. Hmun Thei nih cun, Pawi maimai, ka va sam dih hna lai a ti i kutka ahcun a va kal i, “phung” tiah an rak kah i a ngal ve.

An ralbawi a thih cun, Khualhring cu an khuapi in an thilri le an chawva hmanh lak manh loin an zam dih. Lungzarh, Halkha, Thantlang le Maung Myat San le a ralkap nih an duhmi an chawva an lak dih hnu ah an inn vialte an khangh dih. Cu hnu cun Zongte kha an va chim than hna i an inn vialte an khangh dih than. Khualhring Mar an tio hnu in, Ngatainu tlang thlanglei vialte cu Halkha, Ngun Tual chung pa Lian Dun ralthio ram ah a cang dih. A tlang zong cu Khualhring an rak umnak a si caah Khualhring tlang an ti i atu chan tiang Khualhring tlang tiah ti lan a si. (Ibid, Pu Ngun To, cahmai.327, 471, 472). Hi Mar/Lusei pawl Laitlang in Tio varaal ah an tio hi Van Hnin chan in atu Lian Dun2 a fale chan tiangah (Van Hnin, Lian Er, Lal Luai, Lian Dun, Van Hnin2, Lian Dun2, le cupa a fale tiang) chan 7 a si cang. Minung chan chankhat cu Anthropologist thiamsang pawl nih an tining in kum 30 a si caah kum 210 a rau cang.

Mar/Lusei pawl an tio hnu ahcun ramlawng ah a hung caan cang caah, Halkha, Thantlang, Hniarlawn, Chuncung, Ramthlo, Lungzarh, Mangkheng, Thlanrawn le Zotlang i a ummi Lai pawl nih khua an vung tlak thluahmah hnu in, cu Thantlang in nitlak lei ram vialte cu Laimi pawl khuasaknak ah a hung cang dih. Cucaah, Thantlang in nitlak lei khua pawl an tlaknak khi a kum in kum 200 tang lawngte a si dihnak a si.

Dal 3

Kawlram Chung Miphun

England Mirang siangpahrang pennak acozah nih Kawlram cu 184 in 1885 kum kar ah ral voi 3 tuk in a rak tuk hnu ah, 1890 kum thawk in The Chin Hills tiah rak kawh-auhmi Laitlang cu kum 2 chung ah amah kuttang ah a rak chiah tik ahhin, Kawlram chung i a ummi miphun vialte kha, major national ethnic races (Miphunpi) phun 8 ah an rak then. (Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar) & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_gropus

Kawl lungput

Cu a thenmi miphunpi phun 8 cu a hun thencheu than tik ah miphun 135 kan si ee, tiah Kawl acozah nih aupi a si cang. Cu Kawl acozah nih a aupi mi miphun 135 lak ahcun Kawl pawl cu 80% hrawnghrang kan si ee, tiah an hun ti tik ah, miphun dang 134 hna an milu cu 20% hrawng ah a hun i chuah. Cucaah uktu dirhmun in kumpi kum 70 dengmang chung Kawlmi lungput ahhin, Kawlram chung miphun hme pawl an tam deuhdeuh ah an lung a si deuhdeuh ko lai. Ziah tiah, midang le miphun hme pawl cu anmah te in an i uk thiam lo, an i uk khawh lo caah miphun ngan a simi kanmah Kawl pawl nih zaangfahnak hritlai in kan uk hna a hau, tihi catial lo policy (Unwritten Policy) si dawh a si. Cu catial lo Kawl policy cu uknak lei le, biaknak lei (Buddhism) he lam phun 2 in an kalpi lengmang i atu nihin ni tiang a si ko rua.

Cu Kawl policy cu Kawl a si lomi miphun hme pawl nih an theih/hngalh cang, ti kha Kawl pawl lungthin ah an hun i fian hnu ahcun phundang tein Kawl policy cu an hun thlen than. An thlenmi an policy cu: Doh Tavuan A-yee Tuungpaa khi a si. Doh Tavuan A-yee Tuungpaa cu: (1) Ram uknak

kekkuai lo ding, (2) Ram miphun vialte tangkop- rualremnak kek-kuai lo ding, (3) Ram pumpi uknak hmunhter zungzal ding…ti a si. A tha ngai ko, asinain, ruah a hau ngaingai mi a um. Hi tlang-au biafun(A-yee Tuungpaa) hi aho nih dah a ser? Cu a sertu nih sernak nawl a ngei maw? Kawlram chung vialte a kakip ah khua a sa le a thudirmi miphun vialte caah, cu hna huap in nawl pekmi hna nih ceihmai, cipte in rial, thai, le den cikcek hnu ah aphi chuahmi a si maw? Si naisai hlah, Kawl pawl le Kawl ralkap phu nih anmah duhduh in Kawl cungcuannak le alu le aban tlaih dih, miphun hme vialte kha rialdip in an thut-nenh duh caah, an tuahmi a si ko lo maw? Cu Kawl le Kawl ralkap pawl cu a cunglei tlang-au biafun khi miphun hme vialte nih sernak nawl kan rak pe hna maw? Pe fawn hlah. Hi tlang-au biafun hi cu, Kawl pawl le Kawl ralkap nih Kawlram miphun hme vialte kha anmah nawl tein le, miphun hme pawl duh naloin surcheh in khuh dih, tlaih dih hnu ah anmah duhning poh in tuahto hna usi, an timi an lungchung tawne ah a um i an hun chuahlanghmi Sehtan lungput a si dah tilo, zeihmanh chim ceih awk a um ti lo. Cucaah hi Kawl le Kawl ralkap nih an aupi lengmangmi tlang-au biafun hi phung ning lo, phung lut lo a si i Kawlram miphun hme pawl caah hramhram in rialdit le tlaih-hrem bia a si, tihi mizapi nih kan theih a herh, tiah ka ruah.

Cu leng hmanh ah, Mirang uktu hna nih Kawlram kha 1885 in a pumpuluk an rak uk dih hnu in Mirang lila nih an rak chuahpimi miphun 135 an timi zong khi ruah a hau. Cu miphun 135 a chuah khawhnak caah a rak hlat-hlaitu hna hi Mirang taktak cu an va si ko lai, nain, cu a hlat-hleitu pawl cu minung chuahkehnak lei thiamsang (Anthropologist) maw an si? Asiloah holh lei thiamsang (Linguistics expert) maw an si? A si lo ah tuanbia lei thiamsang (Historian) dah an si kun? Keimah ka theih tawk ahcun an si naisai lo, uknak lei mit (Administrative perspective) in political officer maw, civil officer maw, cu hna nih an rak tuahmi a si. Cucaah, rampi pakhat chung i mah zahzah miphun 135 tiangtiang an hmuhchuah mi zong hi zumh a um lo. A taktak le a ngaingai ahcun Mirang hna nih an ukmi Kawlram kha then 135 ah an thencheu he aa lo. Annih cu thencheu in uk timi policy (Devide and Rule) kha an rak ngeih peng caah, an va tuah awk zongah theihthiam a si. Nain, 1948 kum Luatnak kan hmuh hnu in atu 2017 tiang kumpi kum 69 chung Kawlram kha sal ah tlaihkhip in a uktu Kawl pawl nih, cu Mirang nih an rak sermi miphun 135 zong kha a dik maw, dik lo tiah hlat-hlainak zong tuah ti lo bak in an fehter i, miphun 135 kan si ko, timi an aupi lengmang bel hi cu ruah awk ngai in a um cang. Mirang ai-awh ah Kawl an lut, ti dah lo ah? Dinnak le lungthiang tein an aupi cu a si bal lai lo, tiah ka ruah.

Kawlram chungah miphun sining dot-hlat than a hau

Cucaah, Kawlram chung i a ummi miphun zapi 135 hi a dik maw, dik lo, an miphun min taktak maw a si? Asiloah an umnak ram le peng min dah a si? ti kha fiangte in theih khawhnak caah, a tulio Kawl acozah nih thiamsang pawl hlan in dot-hlat than hnu le, cu thiamsang hna nih an fehter ning in cohlan ding a si, tiah ka ruah. Cu thiamsang phu ahcun, minung chuahkehnak lei thiamsang hna (Anthropologists), holh lei thiamsang hna (Linguistics experts) le, tuanbia lei thiamsang hna (Historians) pawl pel loin an i tel a hau. Cu thiamsang hna zong cu a menmang sawhsawh si loin min ngei le World Class an si a herh. Ramkhel rian a tuanmi (Politicians) belte cu an i tel lo hrimhrim a hau lai, ziah tiah, anmah duhnak lei kap ah an mersan dih sual ai lai, ti phanbia.

Chin kong zong ah cu thiamthiam

A cunglei chim cang bantukin Mirang political officer pawl nih Chin miphun kha a phun in 53 ah a hei chiah. Uknak lei mit (Administrative perspective) in a si fawn. 1948 in atu nihinni tiang uktu Kawl acozah zong nih zeihmanh tuah ti hlah, dot-hlat ti hlah, Mirang hna bia kha zulh in, nannih Chin tham cu a phun in pei 53 nan si ko cu, ti a si cang. Cu phun 53 in hun thenmi zoh le dot-hlat tik ah tamdeuh cu an umnak cio peng le ram min bunh a rak si zia zong theih thluahmah a si cang. Cu phun 53 lak ahcun, Tlengkawh, Lusei le Hualngo hna khi phunkhat te bak a rak si diam ai, hrinphun min (Clan/Family) a umtuning ah. Mah cucu keimah le kan pu U Kyaw Win (Retd. Director-General, Archeological Department, culio ahcun Rangoon National Museum Chief Curator a rak tuan lio a si. Catialthiam a si i, a Pen Name cu: Manotha Kyaw Win, ti a si. Keimah tu cu, Chin State Cultural Officer ka rak tuan lio a si ve) nih 1986 kum June thla ah Paletwa khua ah research tuah an kan fial lio ah hmuhchuahmi a si. Cucaah, Kawl acozah lungput hi zumh awk a thalo mi a tam. Chin miphun hi, hi zahzah kan si naisai lo. Mirang le Kawl nih thenchaunak thlaici an tuh i an kan thencheu bia tu a si. Cucaah, Chin miphunpi kan sining vialte le, hrinphun vialte kha a cunglei bantukin thiamsang hna phu nih a thate in an dot-hlat le aphi an chuah tik lawnglawng ah Chin miphun kan sining taktak cu theih a si te lai, tiah ka ruah. Atu thil sining hi cu Mirang kutneh kha dot-hlat ti loin zakhat ah zakhat ningin thluangthluan-Kawl acozah (Successive Burmese Government) nih pom le kalpi a si caah, zumh awk ngaingai a tlak lo, tiah ka hmuh.Kha bia kan zumh dih ahcun kan i palh sual fawn lai, ti zong ka phang fawn.

Biakilh

Laitlang le Chinram ah a cang cangmi, a cang thluahmah/cuahmah mi, hmailei zongah pehzulh in a cang te hngami cu, miphun, hrinphun le peng le ram kong hi ramkhelnak lei le zatlangnun hna ah a kal thluahmah te lai. Cu tik ah thil sining taktak kha, a sining lengkai in chim le ceih, chuahpi, i buaipia hna a um te sual lai. Cucaah, kha a cang cangmi le a cang thluahmahmi thil sining khahchunh in a dikmi le a si taktakmi thildik le thilhman kan hmuh duh ahcun, thiamsang hna kap 3 kop bu nih ‘phu’ pakhat ser in, a thar in dot-hlat than hnu ah, cu phu nih an rak chuahpi mi tu kha mizapi nih lung umlo tein kan cohlan ahcun, kan sining taktak cu a dikmi lamthluan cung ah fawh kan dir ee, tiah tlang kan au kho te ko lai, tiah kaa ruahchan. Hi vial.

Fai Len

Formerly Chin State Cultural Officer

Melbourne, Australia.

7th June 2017.

Catialtu Note: Hi cathluan hi kherhlai mi research pakhat cu a si ko, nain, Systematic Research Paper tialning in ka tial lo. A ruang cu: Atu chan kan mino/fanau hna nih ka ruahmi asiloah ka tuaktanmi asilole ka hmuhchuahmi thil sining hi fianghlang tein thei kho hna seh, timi saduhthahnak he tialmi tu a si ca ah. 

References:

Laica Cawnnak Ukpi, Kumkuanak Cawnnak, Chin Khrihfa Tuanbia, Chin Association for Christian Communication, Hakha, Chin State, Myanmar, 2009.

Laimi Phun Thawhkehnak le Khuatlaknak by the late Wunna Kyaw Htin Pu Ngun To (Retd. DC), September 2007.

Lai Miphun Thawhkehnak Tuanbia by Pu Chawn Kio, Yangon, Myanmar, January 2014.

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Interview: (1) Saya Pa Hmun, (Siatlai khuami/upa), Melbourne, 29th May 2017.

(2) Pu Lian Hmung, (Leitak khuami/upa), Melbourne, 29th May 2017.

(3) Pu Sui Thawng, (Lautu upa), Melbourne, 1st June 2017.

(4) Pu Hup Mang (tleicia), Phaizawng khuabawi hlun (1960-65),, summer 1970.

(5) Internet website pahnih khi a cunglei ah langhter a si cang.

(6) Mah pumpak nih hlat-hlaimi le cinken mi

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*** Hi caa hi " Chin Broadcasting Network website" ah lak chin mi a si.